Photovoltaics (PV) is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using unique materials known as photovoltaic cells. PV cells are made of semiconducting materials, such as silicon, that absorb photons of light and release electrons, which can be captured and used as an electric current. The amount of electricity generated by a PV cell depends on the intensity of the sunlight, the size of the cell, and the efficiency of the materials used.

PV technology has been rapidly advancing in recent years, and it is now a mature and cost-effective way to generate electricity from renewable energy sources. PV systems are used in a wide range of applications, including small-scale installations for powering devices such as calculators and outdoor lighting, as well as large-scale solar farms connected to the electric grid.